Everything about Lower Nubia totally explained
Lower Nubia is the northern portion of
nubia, downstream on the
Nile from
Upper Nubia. It lies between the
First and
Second Cataracts, roughly from
Aswan in the north to
Wadi Halfa in the south. A great deal of Lower Nubia was flooded with the construction of the
Aswan High Dam and the creation of
Lake Nasser. However the intensive archaeological work conducted prior to the flooding means that the history the area is much better known than that of Upper Nubia. Its history is also known from its long relations with
Egypt.
Lower Nubia was home to a series of cultures, the
Badarian,
Amratian,
Gerzean,
A-Group,
B-Group, and
C-Group. During the
Middle Kingdom the area was occupied by Egypt, when the Egyptians withdrew during the
First Intermediate Period Lower Nubia seems to have become part of the Upper Nubian
Kingdom of Kerma. The
New Kingdom occupied all of Nubia and Lower Nubia was especially closely integrated into Egypt, but with the
Second Intermediate Period it became the centre of the independent state of
Kush based at
Napata at some point. Perhaps around
591 BC the capital of Kush was transferred south to
Meroe and Lower Nubia became dominated by the Island of Meroe.
With the fall of the Meroitic Empire in the fourth century AD the area became home to
X-Group, also known as the
Ballana culture who were likely the
Nobatae. This evolved into the
Christian state of
Nobatia by the fifth century. Nobatia was merged with the Upper Nubian state of
Makuria, but Lower Nubia became steadily more
Arabized and
Islamicized and eventually became de facto independent as the state of
al-Maris. Most of Lower Nubia was formally annexed by Egypt during the Ottoman conquest of
1517, and it has remained a part of Egypt since then, with only the far south being in
Sudan.
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